Periodic Table Research Task

Periodic Table Research Task By Kevin Shaji Part A. You are to research the task below and submit as a written piece of work i) John Dalton proposed his atomic theory in 1808. Outline his theory. (4 marks) ii) Explain which part of Dalton’s atomic theory was later found to be incorrect. (3 marks) iii) Dalton developed a way to measure the relative atomic mass of the different elements. Using examples research and describe the meaning of the term ‘relative atomic mass’. (3 marks) i) 1) Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms. 2) Atoms cannot be destroyed or created but can be rearranged during chemical changes. ) Atoms of a particular element are identical in mass, size, shape and other properties. 4) Atoms of different elements are different in their mass, size, shape and other properties. 5) Atoms cannot be divided into smaller particles. 6) Atoms of different elements combine in small whole-number ratios to form compounds. ii) 1) One part of Daltonâ €™s atomic theory that was later discovered to be incorrect was the part where atoms could not be divided into smaller pieces. New research has proved that atoms can be sub-divided into sub-atomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. ) Due to the discovery of isotopes it has been discovered that atoms of the same element are not exactly identical. They have different masses due to the number of neutrons. 3) Also it has been discovered that different elements have the same mass. These elements are called isobars. 4) It has been recently discovered that atoms can actually be destroyed by fission processes in atomic reactors or by atomic bombs. 5) Another defect in Dalton’s atomic theory is that not all compounds have small whole-number ratios. They can actually have large whole-number ratios as well. ii) The relative atomic mass is defined as: â€Å"the average mass of the isotopes in a naturally occurring sample of the element, taking into account the proportio n of each isotope present. † The symbol for relative atomic mass is Ar. For example naturally occurring chlorine has two isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37. Cl-35 has a relative abundance (which is the percentage of that isotope on Earth in relation to the total abundance of the atom on Earth) of 75% while Cl-37 has a relative abundance of 25%. To calculate the Ar you must put the above into a formula. Ar= (75/100? 35) + (25/100? 37) =35. Another example of calculating relative atomic mass is: For an element E with the naturally occurring isotopes aE, bE, cE, and with the respective abundances of A%, B%, C% etc, the relative atomic mass (Ar) = (A/100 x a) + (B/100 x b) + (C/100 x c) Part B Leucippus Leucippus was an early pre-Socratic ancient Greek philosopher who lived sometime during the 5th century BCE. Not much of Leucippus early life is known due to the fact that not many of his dates were recorded. What we do know is that he was an Ionian Greek that studied at an Ionian school of naturalistic philosophy.At around 440 BCE Leucippus founded a school at Abdera, which his famous pupil Democritus attended. Around this time he proposed the theory of atomism. According to this atomism, the universe is composed of two elements: the atoms and the void in which they exist and move. This theory was later explained in much greater detail by his pupil Democritus. Leucippus contributed indirectly towards the development of the periodic table since he proposed the first idea of atoms. Thanks to his ideas the foundation for the periodic table was possible. Without his ideas the way we view the world may be completely different.Democritus Democritus was an influential pre-Socratic ancient Greek philosopher who lived from circa 460 BCE to circa 370 BCE. He inherited his father’s vast fortunes and used it to travel the world and visit many countries on his quest of knowledge. During these trips he met many scholars who taught many lessons. When he finally came back to h is native land he became interested in natural philosophy. At the around 440 BCE he became associated with a school in Abdera, which was founded by Leucippus, his mentor. His teacher was the first one to propose atoms, but Democritus later adopted this into his own atomic theory.His theory stated that everything contains tiny particles called atoms and that they were indivisible. He hypothesised that these atoms cannot be destroyed, that they were invisible that they were always and moving. He also stated and that they differ in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement. Democritus contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. His contribution helped people to understand what an atom was and helped other scientist’s further look into science of the atom, which in turn led to the creation of the atomic table. AristotleAristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 384 BCE to 322 BCE. He was the student of the ancient Greek philosopher Plata and the teacher to one of the greatest military commanders in the world Alexander the Great. He taught many subjects including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theatre, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. He is considered to be one the most important figures in Western philosophy due to his writings encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.One of his most well-known theories is that all mater is made from five elements. These elements are fire, water, air, earth and the fifth element aether. He believed all matter was made from a combination of the four elements except the stars and planets which are made of the fifth element aether. Even though Aristotle’s theory was wrong he contributed indirectly to the periodic table. The periodic table consists of elements and he hypothesised that elements exist. John Dalton John Dalton was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He was born on th e 6th of September 1766 and died on the 27th of July 1844.He began to study at a local village school and at the age of 12 began to teach there. At the age of 15, he began to teach at a Quaker school in Kendal. After teaching here for 10 years he moved to Manchester as a teacher. While there he joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, which provided him laboratory facilities. The first paper he presented was about colour blindness which he suffered from. Dalton arrived to atomism by his fascination of meteorology. Dalton stated that the forces of repulsion thought to cause pressure acted only between atoms of the same type.From here on he proceeded to calculate the atomic weight of atoms from percentage compositions of compounds. After this he developed his own atomic theory, which completely revolutionised the way we see the world today. Dalton contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Dalton’s information on atomic weights was a huge factor in the creation the periodic table. He also proposed a chemical symbols for some elements. Without Dalton’s ground-breaking work the periodic table would not be possible. Johann DoberienerJohann Wolfgang Doberiener was a German chemist who was born on the 13th of December 1780 and died on the 24th of March 1849. Doberiener had little opportunity for formal schooling, and so he was apprenticed to a pharmacist. He began to read widely, and attended scientific lectures whenever he received the chance. In time he became a professor at the University of Jena in 1810. During the period of 1815-29, Johann Doberiener arranged elements in order of their atomic weight. He sorted these elements into groups of three, which became known as the law of triads.He arranged them according to the atomic weight of the middle element to the average atomic weight of the remaining two. Doberiener contributed indirectly toward the development of the periodic table. Though his method was disca rded due to the fact it didn’t apply to all the elements, Doberiener gave rise to new ways to classify the elements which greatly helped in the creation of the periodic table. John Newlands John Alexander Reina Newlands was an English chemist who worked on the development of the periodic table. He was born in London on the 26th of November of 1837 and died on the 29th of July 1898.He did not study at a normal school but was rather home schooled by his father. He went on to study at the Royal College of Chemistry. In 1863, he set up a practice as an analytical chemist and in 1868 he became the chief chemist at James Duncan’s London sugar refinery. He later left this profession and in 1864 published his concept of the periodicity of the chemical elements. He arranged all 62 elements (known at the time) into a table based upon the ascending order of the atomic weights. He observed that every 8th element in his table displayed similar properties.He named this discovery the Law of Octaves and stated that an element exhibits behavior that is similar to the eighth element preceding/succeeding it. John Newlands contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. Even though Newland’s table was not accepted, his work helped to lead Mendeleev (the father of the periodic table) on the right track thus greatly contributing to creation of the periodic table. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He was born in Siberia in 1834 and died in 1907.He is considered the father of the periodic table because he created the first version of the periodic table of element and used it to predict elements yet to be discovered. In 1849 his family relocated to St. Petersburg and Mendeleev entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. He studied science there and graduated in 1856. In 1863 Mendeleev was appointed to a professorship in the University he studied in. In 1864 Dmitri Mendeleev produced his g reatest achievement: the periodic table of elements. He arranged the 66 elements known at the time by their atomic weight.By doing this he managed to organise them into groups possessing similar properties. If a gap existed in his table, he anticipated that a brand new element would one day be discovered and he predicted its properties. Some of the elements he predicted were later found and provided great evidence towards the accuracy of his table. Dmitri Mendeleev contributed directly towards the development of the periodic table since he developed it. Mendeleev’s original periodic table of elements is the model of the modern day periodic table of elements and thanks to his discovery we have a greater understanding of the universe. Henry MoseleyHenry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who was born in England on the 23rd of November 1887 and died on the 10th of August 1915 at Gallipoli. As a young boy Moseley studied at Summer Fields School where he was awarded a King’s scholarship to attend Eton College. In 1906, Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford, where he earned his bachelor’s degree. In 1910, Moseley began to study under Sir Ernest Rutherford. In 1913, he moved back to Oxford, where he was given laboratory facilities. While at Oxford, Moseley measured the x-ray spectral lines of nearly all the elements known at the time.The results of his study showed a clear and simple progression of the elements that was based on the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus, rather than the order based on atomic weights that was then the basis of the periodic table. Moseley contributed indirectly to the development of the periodic table. He discovered the atomic number of elements which revolutionised the way the elements were sorted. Now thanks to him the modern periodic table is sorted by atomic number. Timeline of The Periodic Table 440 BCE Democritus and Leucippus put forward the idea of the atom, an ind ivisible particle that all matter is made of. 30 BCE Aristotle proposes his theory about the four elements which are earth, air, fire & water. He also proposes a fifth element aether, which the stars and planets were made of. 360 BCE Plato coins term the term ‘elements’. 1605 CE Sir Francis Bacon published â€Å"The Proficience and Advancement of Learning† which contained a description of what would later be known as the scientific method which is the acquirement of new knowledge or the correction of existing knowledge. 1661 CE Robert Boyle published â€Å"The Sceptical Chymist† which was a written work on the distinction between chemistry and alchemy.It also contained some of the first ideas of atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions. 1754 CE Joseph Black isolated carbon dioxide, which he called â€Å"fixed air†. 1778 CE Antoine Lavoisier wrote the first detailed list of elements. The list contained 33 elements & differentiated between metals and non-metals. 1766 CE Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen was a colourless, odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air. 1773–1774 CE Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestly independently isolated oxygen. 1803 CE John Dalton proposed â€Å"Dalton’s Law† which described the bond between the components in a mixture of gases. 828 CE Jons Jacob Berzelius created a table of atomic weights and introduced letters to represent elements. 1828 CE Johann Doberiener developed groups of 3 elements with similar properties, which he called triads. 1864 CE John Newlands organised the known elements in order of atomic weights and observed resemblances between some elements. 1864 CE Julius Lothar Meyer develops an early version of the periodic table, with 28 elements classified by valence. 1864 CE Dmitri Mendeleev produced a table based upon atomic weights but organised ‘periodically’ with elements of congruent properties under each other.His P eriodic Table included the 66 elements known at the time, classified by their atomic weights. 1894 CE William Ramsay discovered the Noble Gases. 1898 CE Marie and Pierre Curie isolated radium and polonium from pitchblende. 1900 CE Sir Ernest Rutherford discovered the cause of radioactivity was decaying atoms. 1913 CE Henry Moseley discovered the atomic number of each of the elements which changed the way the periodic table was organised. 1940 CE Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson discover neptunium, the lightest and first synthesized transuranium element, found in the products of uranium fission. 1940 CEGlenn Seaborg arranged the transuranic elements (the elements after uranium in the periodic table) below the periodic table making it easier to read. Reference List tutorvista. com. Dalton's Atomic Theory. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chemistry. tutorvista. com/inorganic-chemistry/dalton-s-atomic-theory. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. citycolligiate. com. Dalton's Atomic Theory. [O NLINE] Available at: http://www. citycollegiate. com/atomic_structureIXc. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. ausetute. com. Relative Atomic Mass. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. ausetute. com. au/atomicmass. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. vogadro. com. Relative Atomic Mass, Ar. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. avogadro. co. uk/definitions/ar. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Relative atomic mass. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Democritus. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Democritus. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. Aristotle. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aristotle. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. John Dalton. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Dalton. Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org.. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang _D%C3%B6bereiner. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org. John Alexander Reina Newlands. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands. [Accessed 23 March 13]. chemistry. co. nz. Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. chemistry. co. nz/mendeleev. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. blurit. com (n. d. ) Who Was Dmitri Mendeleev? [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. blurtit. com/q181876. html. [Accessed 23 March 13]. www. corrosion-doctors. rg (n. d. ) Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. corrosion-doctors. org/Biographies/MendeleevBio. htm. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org (n. d. ) Dmitri Mendeleev. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev. [Accessed 23 March 13]. en. wikipedia. org (n. d. ) Henry Moseley. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Henry_Moseley [Accessed 23 March 13]. History-timelines. org. uk (n. d. ) Periodic Table Timeline. [ONLINE] Available at: htt p://www. history-timelines. org. uk/events-timelines/19-periodic-table-timeline. htm [Accessed 23 March 13].

Example of Business Report Essay

Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to investigate a student club at a private university in Jakarta, which is called BNEC (Bina Nusantara English Club) at BINUS University. BNEC is a non-profit English organization for undergraduate students of any major studying at BINUS University. Its main purpose is to develop its members’ English skills by providing TOEFL, Debate, Scrabble, Spelling Bee, Public Speaking, and Performing classes. BNEC has actively participated in various national and international competitions. The strengths of this organization can be seen from many national and international achievements that this unit has achieved. The main reason for its success was due to its strong leadership sustainability, which allowed the changing leaders and committees of the unit always manage to accomplish the set targets and goals. Moreover, its tight selection  process for the new members has resulted in highly proficient English participants, readily supporting the arranged activities. Lastly, the high-quality training programs available have contributed to a rigorous and intensive practice of using English for public performances. However, the unit has some areas for improvement. For example, the communication styles between supervisors and subordinates were sometimes problematic, as all participants underwent the learning process of teamwork communication. The unit has also developed a certain degree of arrogance and pride, which even widened the gap between the unit with other lower proficient students studying in the university, and thus developing and strengthening its exclusivity. After taking both strengths and weaknesses into consideration, it is recommended that BNEC should begin to develop more social programs, carefully designed to help their fellow students outside their organization in the university, or even to other marginal members of the society living near the university, to improve their English proficiency and establish BINUS University and its surrounding areas as the English as a Second Language (ESL) area. 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this report was to investigate a student club at BINUS University, namely BNEC (Bina Nusantara English Club), and recommend a suitable solution to its problems and some suggestions for its future development. 1.2 Scope When investigating BNEC, it was important to consider its current conditions in terms of its organizational structure, management/leadership style, materials development, marketing/promotion, programs and training. 1.3 Method The information used in this report was collected by having some interviews with personnel in BNEC, including the chairman, secretary, treasurer, promotion team, program coordinators, and some members. 1.4 Limitations PICs and members were sometimes difficult to meet Important information is difficult to collect †¦. 1.5 Assumptions It has been assumed that BNEC has not proved effective and efficient in running the organization. As the members actively participate in its programs and activities, it has been assumed that the implementation of its training programs shows little contribution to improving their proficiency levels. As most BNEC programs have generated many awards and prizes, it is assumed that there are still programs that do not result in significant achievements. 1.6 Background BNEC was established in 1992. It is the only English-based student unit at BINUS University. Its main purpose is to develop the member’s English skill by providing TOEFL, Debates, Scrabble, Spelling Bee, Public Speaking, and Performing classes. BNEC also actively participates in a variety of national and international competitions. It has achieved many achievements. Besides these, it is also widely acknowledged for its event organizing. BNEC was awarded The Best Student Organization in 2010, 2011, and 2012 by BINUS University. 2. Findings 2.1 Strengths Strong communication channels among members A variety of programs offered Active and supporting team members †¦. 2.2 Weaknesses Less involved in CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) programs Focused only on one main headquarters, no branches Limited resources for programs development †¦. 3. Discussions 3.1 (Organization Structure) – this is just an example – Generally, BNEC consists of three big departments, which are ‘Information and Development’, ‘Product and Achievement’, and ‘Marketing and Communication.’ Each department has its own unit. In total, BNEC has 12 units, which are managed by the Board of Management. In the author’s perspectives, the way the organization is structured brings out some problems. For example, †¦.. 3.2 (Management and Leadership Style) All Board Management at BNEC are carefully selected, and each of them plays an important role in running the organization. †¦. 3.3 (Resource Development) †¦. 3.4 (Marketing and Promotion) †¦. 3.5 (Programs and Training) †¦ 4. Conclusion After investigating BNEC, it was found that †¦. It is important to consider the long term benefits to the organization when considering which programs or events were best conducted. †¦. The management style had to be easily adaptable for new opportunities such as †¦. †¦. 5. Recommendations and Implementation The findings and conclusion in this report support the following recommendations: The board of management needs to adapt to †¦ Programs need to be developed based on †¦.. Members must have email or online access on their electronic gadgets to enable them to be in contact with the organization at all times All marketing and promotion team should negotiate price and ongoing service agreements with external parties To reduce the organization long term expenses: The organization could investigate the viability of †¦. †¦. Training programs available for members should have the maximum duration of 1.5 months (6 weeks) 6. References http://mybnec.org/view/about.php

Alternative solutions for internet censorship in Australia Essay Example for Free

Alternative solutions for internet censorship in Australia Essay Internet censorship (6) , Alternative solutions (2) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints This report was commissioned to elaborate other alternative methods that can be used to monitor internet information in Australia without incorporating internet filtration as the Australian government proposes. The future of Australian children has been compromised by the immoral vices that the use of the internet perpetuates. Moreover, organizations, customers and innovators have also suffered from this paradigm which advocates for phishing, on-line identity theft and piracy among others. Therefore, the report advocates for the use of technology, political power, moral ethics and civil libertarians. These methods are not liable to scrutiny and criticism as they do not impede the first amendment bill of the constitution which advocates for freedom of expression among other concerns explained in the report. Furthermore, the report evaluates this range of methods and concludes that it would be ideal to implement the technology method. Introduction Advancement in technology has increased the reliance of internet as a means of entertainment and education source. It has also encompassed the education curriculum, social, economic and political activities creating both a positive and a negative impact. We have been able to succeed and are actually grateful because most of the information and technological know how can be retrieved with ease. However, our children and business enterprises have been adversely affected by the increased internet sexual harassment, privacy invasion, cyber-bullying, on-line identity theft, piracy and phishing just to mention a few in the unending list. In the event our children have developed aggressive attitudes which advocates for delinquent behaviours. On the other hand children that have experienced internet sexual harassment and bullying among others become depressed and thus are cut out from social life and its benefits. This explains the increased rates of teenage suicidal attempts in Australia (Australian Government 2007). Therefore, the government has taken a further step in an attempt of curbing this predicament by introducing mandatory internet filtration to all internet services at home, in schools and public computers used by he Australian children. The government also plans to prepare the Australian children on strategies of being responsible cyber-citizens, protecting their identity while on-line, understanding the impact of their actions on others while using the internet, responding to cyber-bulling and invasion of their privacy among other negative internet vices. To achieve this the government plans to launch education curriculum that provides first rate cyber-safety education programs and educate parents on the negative vices prevailed by the internet thus ensuring their children use the internet responsibly. Furthermore, the government plans to use the blacklist formulated by the Australia Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) to ensure harmful information is not availed to the children, establish a Youth Advisory Group (YAG) to easily access information affecting children on-line and to do further research on cyber- safety issues in Australia among others (Australian Government 2007). This initiative has been met with mixed reactions as some citizens support the idea while others reject the move critically analysing it. Critics view the move as a lash to the development and welfare of the citizens in terms of internet use because internet censorship will reduce the speed of the internet, the initiative is not effective because people will still be able to access the prohibited information through the use of proxy services and web services just to mention a few. The initiative will also violate the first amendment bill which advocates for freedom of expression. The country will waste a huge sum of its capital through the implementation of this impractical solution because approximately USD 22billion of tax payers’ money will be used to implement this initiative. Furthermore, the criteria that will be used to determine the appropriate age to use the internet, the appropriateness of information on the internet and determining a comprehensive blacklist are in question. Therefore, to anal the dilemma the government is facing this report will elaborate on alternative methods of internet censorship other than internet filtration that can be used (Harvey 2009b). Alternative solutions To end the conflicts that have arisen because of the proposal of incorporating compulsory Internet Service provider (ISP) filtering in the country the government should implement other alternatives such as use of technology, political power, moral ethics and civil libertarian to implement internet censorship as outlined below. Technology The government can utilize the available technology to help implement their strategies on internet censorship rather than using internet filtration. It can establish websites that teach and warn adults and children on the dangers prevailed by the internet and how to avoid them. Alternatively it can take the initiative of funding such programs that have already being established. This method will be effective as the probability of people using the internet to access such information is high. The method is also cost effective as such initiatives have been implemented in other countries for example USA and proved to be efficient. Also the government will easily be able to avail on-line safety rules to the vicinity of children such as using passwords, meeting people met through the internet with the consent or accompaniment of parents and avoiding giving out personal information. For instance the Business Software Alliance (BSA) has enable to alert and educate e-tailers and customers on the dangers of internet such as auction site frauds, counterfeiting, identity theft and phishing among others and effective ways of preventing being victims of the above vices. BSA has established a website were they offer their learning and safe guarding tips by displaying stories from victims and tips of avoiding such incidents (Lindroth 2008). Moreover, programs that allow parents to personally regulate internet information availed to their children should be used. This will prevent the government from formulating legislations that violated constitutional rights such as freedom of speech and expression. It will also allow the development of this technology thus benefiting the country and improving the welfare of the population at large. For example US citizens have been able to enjoy the benefits of using glubble a Firefox browser plug-in that has enabled parents to create a safe browsing environment for their kids. The technology is easy to use, fast to install, helps parents to manipulate internet information at the vicinity of their children and enable their children to have the appropriate on-line experience. Furthermore, it does not limit internet information that is important to adults but harmful to children such as family planning tips. Therefore, the government should capitalize on such mechanisms by offering their support either politically or economically (Gary 2009). Political power The government is politically empowered thus has the power to control legislations and policies that regulate this country. Therefore, it should use this opportunity to formulate policies that will enable attainment of cyber-security without contradicting on legislations that had been previously formulated. For instance use of plug-ins and programs that will allow parents and public utilities where children are predominate users of the internet will increase intellectual property infringement therefore, legislations that will protect owners innovation should be stipulated allowing effective use of trade marks, patents and copyright laws among others thus expand the rights of these intellectual property holders. This will encourage innovators thus increase the variety of the advanced technology to consumers. Furthermore, it will increase the competitive nature of the economy of Australia both locally and in the world market. The government should also stipulate mechanisms that will take stern action against culprits who are caught perpetuating cyber-bulling, internet sexual harassment and stealing peoples’ identity. The government should also avail easy mechanisms for reporting vices that curb cyber-safety. This will serve as a warning to prospective culprits and thus decrease the number of such incidents. Also children will grow up morally as they will avoid practising such vices because this initiative will effectively tame them. Victims of such vices, parents, and children will willingly surrender information concerning such culprits to the relevant authority because of the assurance that effective action will be taken (Harvey 2009a). Moral ethics Most of the activities and information in the internet are morally wrong as they violate ethics and human norms. Therefore, another mechanism that can be used to increase cyber-safety is educating and guiding the population and children in particular on moral vices that can be adopted, thus enabling the adherence and respect of business, religious, social and moral ethics. For example more incidents of school children participating in social networking sites that perpetuate immoral behaviour such as pornography and prostitution are evident therefore, learning institutions should formulate policies that will effectively deal with school children that participate in such incidents and break school rules. Parents on the other hand should develop engaging relationships with their children to be able to further instil the moral principles that they learn and adopt from their school environment. Therefore, the school administration should work hand in hand with the government to clearly outline guidelines that will discipline students in regards to information availed and collected from the internet. The collation that will be formed will also help parents and the general Australian population to access such guidelines thus further perpetuate adherence to moral ethics and human norms (Madson 2005). It is quite evident that teachers nowadays use social networking sites for education purposes. Therefore, teachers should ensure that they effectively elaborate to their students how they intend to communicate to them and the necessary instructions that they should follow when logged into such sites to prevent them from accessing information that is not related to education and perpetuates immorality. Alternatively the school administration should establish websites which should be regularly monitored where teachers and students can communicate. Moreover, the learning institutions should implement educative programs that will educate the students on issues related to on-line- safety and the responsible ways of using Facebook and MySpace among others. Furthermore, policies that will effectively deal with students that perpetuate and practice cyber-bullying should be enacted. This responsibility should not only be left to the school administration and the government, other bodies such as religious institutions, public conferences and gatherings, activists and ethicist should also advocate for the adherence of moral ethics and human norms through the use of mechanisms such as safety conversation (McMahon 2008). Civil libertarian The government should also not ignore the role played by civil libertarians rather they should work hand in hand with them. This will further help them to ensure cyber-safety in Australia is emanated and thus protect the innocence and rights of children. This is because civil libertarians fight for the rights and respect of computer and network users by encouraging those involved to register with them thus regulates their activities. Therefore when formulating new legislations or changing those that already exists the government should engage such organizations thus the policies that will be formulated will be at the best interest of all stakeholders. For instance the Electronic Frontier Foundation in US provides legal assistance to companies or organizations that have out rightly been denied their constitutional rights by implementation of impractical legislations. In the event the organization promotes the US laws and allows efficient incorporation of advanced technology into the country. However, it indirectly regulates the information in the internet by offering legal support to organizations that avail useful information which is not harmful to the social being and economic welfare of the community and the country. Therefore, Australia should implement this example and follow suit as cyber-security will be enhanced while protecting and respecting the constitutional and human rights of its citizens (Swidorski 2003). Conclusion From the above facts it is quite clear that all the above principles should be implemented to effectively implement internet censorship. Each principle covers a specific area of enhancing cyber-safety in the country and among the citizens. The role that the government and politicians in general can play in the attempt of protecting Australian children from internet immoral vices without developing conflicts is outlined. However, the government also needs to work hand in hand with the school administration, teachers, parents and civil libertarians to efficiently enhance on-line security and educate Australian children on mechanisms of being responsible cyber-citizens. Also as we aim to be a world class country we will have to incorporate more sophisticated technology which is mainly attained from the reliance of the internet therefore, this subject should be researched regularly to enable formulation of policies that are relevant to the current technology in the country. In the event the country will be able to attain the technology without restrictions that may curb its development. Therefore, from my own opinion it is ideal for the government to implement the technology method which will go hand in hand with the development objective of the country because it will be cheaper to incorporate, it will be easier to regulate internet information at the disclosure of children while still gaining access to information that will help in improving the welfare of the community and country at large and human rights will not be violated as a result of internet censorship which I do not support. Word Count: 2189 List of references Australian Government (2007), Attitudes and behaviour of young people on-line, Research Summary. Available at [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009]. Gary, J. (2009), â€Å"Short range plug-ins work best in US,† Automotive Engineer, 34(3), p. 49. Harvey, S. (2009a), Australian internet censorship in practice, Available at [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009] Harvey, S. (2009b), Issues with re-establishing identity after natural disasters, Available at < http://www. pingudownunder. com/blog/index. php> [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009] Lindroth, L. (2008), â€Å"How to improve on-line safety,† Teaching Pre K-8, 28(7), p20. Madson, W. (2005), Internet censorship, Available at [Accessed on 28th, May, 2009] McMahon, F. (2008), â€Å"Smooth operator,† Digital Content Producer, 34(11), pp. 30-33. Swidorski, C. (2003), â€Å"Political science, the Labour Movement, and the struggle for freedom of expression,† New Political Science, 22(3), pp. 319-340. Alternative solutions for internet censorship in Australia. (2016, Sep 25). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Reading Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Reading Analysis - Essay Example ture of the problem, its causes and effects with the view to justifying some of the changes in policy in the country that govern the use of nuclear energy. In developing the article, Jeff Kingston employs a number of effective strategies that enhance the suitability of the article in analyzing the problem as the analysis below portrays. The author argues that an overriding absence of a culture of safety in the management of the nuclear energy in the country was among the fundamental factors that led to the Fukushima accident. Apparently, the Tokyo Electric Power Company did not employ appropriate safety precaution a feature that risked the lives of millions of citizens thereby eroding public confidence in the management of nuclear power plant in the country. lack of public confidence in the management of nuclear power for example led to the mass protests when the Prime Minister, Yshihiko Noda announced in June of 2012 that the government was restarting two nuclear reactors in the country (Kingston, 2013). In the article, the author argues that nuclear is a major source of energy but it presents a number of safety concerns. Japan’s nuclear village has carried out a number of strategies to ensure that it regains public confidence. Effect safety polices are therefore vital in the use of nuclear in any country w ith the Fukushima incident being a perfect lesson for other countries using nuclear. The article is clear and straight to the point. The author of the article makes convincing arguments given the fact that he uses simple and equally descriptive language. Furthermore, the author provides adequate background information to the topical issue. This way, the author enhances the comprehension of the arguments he makes in the article. The article is authoritative since the author cites a number of authoritative figures including the country’s prime minister and officials of the various companies involved in the case. In retrospect, the article is effective in

Japan Meiji period and China great leap forward Essay

Japan Meiji period and China great leap forward - Essay Example There are significant periods within the economy of nations that have contributed the historical significance to yield a period of success. These periods have been compiled to generate significant contributions towards the economy. The most noticeable moments have been those that involve change and progress within the society to include rebellion or moments developed through famous leaders. The competing powers have been included in the economy of famous nations in America and Germany. However, the leading Asia nations that have been highlighted as the competition within the economy have included significant improvement. The Great Leap and Meiji era presented periods that saw significant progress in Asia’s leading nation progress. The government presented the measures to create development and allow for the gradual economic progress. The periods had been developed at stages that the society desired change and tactics to cope with the harsh environmental presentation. Through Mao and the Meiji emperor, the example had been issued on the impacts of famous leaders in influencing positive societal progress. These periods are defined better with the results they developed into the economic progress to establish a dominant nation in Japan and China. The Meiji era had, however, been more successful because it had accorded power to individual development rather than the system in China that grouped members into communes. Mao provided the initiative in 1958 to boost the economy of China. He had laid the provision to transform China’s economy in a period that would last 30 years and match that of America. He had performed the analysis to provide the evidence needed to complete the task.

Corporate Governance & Ethics Course Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Governance & Ethics Course - Case Study Example This obsession made Bernie encourage managers to push a rise in revenue realization of the company; the manager gave less consideration to whether capital investments would overshadow the short-term returns from the projects of the company. As business operations deteriorated in the 1st quarter of the year 2000, the company’s revenue also declined thus affecting the already set E/R ratio. CFO Sullivan applied the following accounting tactics to achieve the desired performance of the organization: 2. Expense capitalization: Sullivan formulated an excellent getaway plan where he began identifying current expenditures of surplus network capacity as longterm expenditure rather than current expenses. Earnings management is approaches applied by the manager of a particular organization to intentionally alter the company's earnings so that the end result matches a pre-determined objective against the reality. This exercise is conceded out for the resolution of income smoothing. Instead of having a prolonged period of high earnings which may later be followed by a poor performance of the company the management may choose to try to keep the figures relatively stable by adding and removing cash from reserves. This will show how, over a certain period, the company has performed. Abusive or fraudulent reporting is considered by the S&EC to be "a substantial and deliberate distortion of financial results". In the event of income smoothing becoming extreme, the Securities & Exchange Commission may issue fines against the organization. The internal audit department was supervised by Cynthia Copper; the internal audit department was expected to report directly to Sullivan. Struggles by Cooper to obtain more information concerning WorldCom’s capital expenditure and accruals were with no success. Andersen’s the external auditor was offered restricted access to the bookkeeping records.  

Geologic Hazards project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Geologic Hazards project - Research Paper Example The world at large has appreciated the enormous damages that earthquakes cause and responded positively by setting up disaster management teams which aid in an earthquake. Although the risk to earthquakes is higher in certain geographical regions than others, the fact that an earthquake has never occurred in a particular place is no guarantee that it would never occur. It is based on that premise that I opted to research on earthquakes with an aim of examining the causes, the effects, possible preventions and the responsibility of governments and the people at large (Fountain, 2012). At or below the surface of the earth within the crust which is the third layer of the earth, a sudden energy release occasions seismic waves which trigger the movement or tremor of the crust. It is this phenomenal activity that constitutes an earthquake. Two foremost origins are linked to earthquakes; tectonic forces associated with plate margins and faults and explosive volcanic activity. The theory of tectonic plates posits that the crust of the earth is composed of numerous plates which are large and float freely on the mantle. The free flow of the plates enables their movement drifting as independent layers towards, away and against each other. The drifting though gradual in nature triggers the earthquakes when the layers collide or slide against each other. This process can be explained by the Elastic rebound theory. Essentially, if one holds both sides of a twig and applies pressure on both ends, the pressure piles in the middle until when the elastic limit of the twig is exceeded then it snaps suddenly with a consequent release of energy. The energy traditionally causes the twig to vibrate (Simon, 2006). Similarly when the layers of the crust collide with each other, the pressure applied on the end of a particular layer forces is spread all over the plate(layer) and it succumbs by snapping at a particular point just like the twig snaps in the middle. The snapping is what

Microfinance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microfinance - Essay Example Thus, it is essential to consider every region separately in order to come to the right conclusion. In the given paper we will analyze the effect of microfinance in India, Hyderabad. Microfinance is widely used in India and even had some positive results at the very beginning: â€Å"India’s microfinance sector was once touted as a saviour of the poor and a good bet for investors. The high point for the industry came when SKS—then India’s biggest microfinance company with a $1.2 billion loan book, a third of it in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh—went public in July 2010. The $350m offering was more than 13 times oversubscribed.† (â€Å"Road to redemption†) However, according to the same source, the situation started worsening at once. It is essential to analyze the reasons of worsening and make recommendations. According to the available statistics, the credit offered by Spandana and other Microfinance institutions working in the region of Hyderabad, was used by 37% of households. The percent is not very high if to take into account the purposes of taking loan (Chowdhury, 2007). Institutions do not state that credits were taken for business starting purposes. However, 30% of people who took loans said that they used this money mainly for this purpose, while 22% used these funds to buy facilities for the business they already have; 30% of borrowers spent loan to buy new facilities for their households (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation). Here we can see some positive dynamics. The availability of Microfinance institutions loans changed annual percent of newly created businesses from 5.3 to 7. Competition did not bring any difficulties to the existing businesses (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) The expenses are different and depend on the purpose of credit. Data shows that those who took a credit

Micro and macro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Micro and macro economics - Essay Example A rosy business environment means that merger forecasts indicated that the combined company will be able to create a profitable synergy. The synergy included combining the marketing and management strategies of both companies. Since the two companies were economically profitable prior to the January 2001 merger, all business predictors expected that the combined company will be able to generate additional revenues that will surpass the combined revenues and profits of each of the two merger companies combined (Lipsey, 2007). In fact, the merger was a huge projected gamble at $348 million investment money on the line. Both America Online’s founder, Stephen Case, and Time Warner’s chief executive, Gerald Levin, had very high hopes that the merger will bring more revenues and profits to the new giant company, the merged entity cropping up from the two companies. The merger was expected to generate an equal share in the shareholders’ dividends. The board of directors of each of the two combining companies was expected to vote equally on all business decisions of the combined company (Hoskisson, 2005). Question 2 Both companies had similar motives for ensuring the success of the merger. Time Warner entered the merger in order to enhance its benefits from both the supply equation and demand equation (Microeconomics). Similarly, America Online entered the merger in order to enhance its present benefits from both the supply equation and demand equation (Hirschey, 2005). Additionally, Time Warner joined the merger to enhance the company’s macroeconomic environment. The company’s macroeconomic goals included improving its total economic activity, especially in the area of growth. The company’s other macroeconomic goals included the successful resolution of the obstacles of inflation. Further, the company’s macroeconomic goals included contributing to the reduction of the nation’s unemployment rate (Hall, 1997). Simi larly, America Online vigorously entered the merger in order to enhance the company’s macroeconomic environment on January 10, 2000. The company’s macroeconomic goals included improving its total economic activity, especially in the area of growth (Tucker, 1997). The company’s other macroeconomic goals included the successful resolution of the obstacles of inflation (Khoury, 2003). Further, the macroeconomic goals of Time Warner and America Online are geared towards contributing to the improvement of the nation’s economy. The nation’s economic indicators include gross domestic production. The nation’s economic indicators include international trade. The merged company’s global market included clients from outside the United States. The merger between Time Warner and America Online occurred on January 2000. The merger was considered as one of the largest merger s in United States history. The merger involved an estimated $348 million. America Online’s founder, Stephen Case, was proud with the merger. Likewise, Time Warner’s chief executive, Gerald Levin, felt that America Online’s formidable internet presence would catapult America online to greater financial profit heights (Hoskisson, 2005). After the merger was consummated, the new merger focused on reducing the number of redundant employees. With the retrenchment, the number of unemployed United States citizens ballooned to unfavorable macroeconomic levels. Today the combined value of the two companies, Time Warner and

Imagining My Future Essay Example for Free

Imagining My Future Essay My hand flies to my heart, the other to Matthew’s hand. I startle awake from an endless nightmare. Luckily, I haven’t awakened my sleeping husband, who I must say sleeps like a rock. I stretch out and sit up, the covers pooling around my waist. The moonlight continues to shine into our room from the balcony. I give Matthew a quick kiss on his hand and slowly crawl out of bed into the depths of our house. I wander the empty hallways of this home Matthew and I have built. Pictures line the wall from our wedding, to the birth of our three wonderful children, Braden, Katarina and Adam. I couldn’t imagine any better life. As my hand skims the wall, my feet sink into the plush purple carpet that lines the hall. I touch the cold metal of my first son’s door knob and hesitantly open the door. Braden is twelve-years-old, and as athletic as his father. The first thing he learned to say was â€Å"Dada† and knew how to skate before he could walk. Hockey must be in his genes – he’s the captain of his Pee Wee B hockey team. He has a great future set in front of him. I tip-toe over to his queen size bed covered with blue sheets. Braden takes after his father in looks as well. His eyes are the rich color of the sky and grass combined; his hair a dark chestnut brown; a smile that is so perfect, he didn’t need braces. As I stroke his hair and pull the covers up, I remember the first time I dropped him off at school and I imagine how he’ll deal with going to a new school next year since its seventh grade. I turn off the music he plays every night to help him fall asleep, and exit his room as quiet as I entered. Katarina is only a year younger than her brother. She’s only eleven and is as independent as a teenager. She’s sprawled out on her queen size bed covered with bright colors that swirl around. I watch her breathing, a slow rhythm of ease as she dreams ever so peacefully. She takes after me, which I’m thankful for. Her eyes are a rich green, her hair a bright blonde, but Kat was born with teeth like her great-grandmother. She’s almost to the ripe age to get braces. I hope she won’t get teased when she gets them; it’s a grave fear of mine. Kat is always striving to be her unique self, and doesn’t exactly care what others think of her. Her fearlessness is something most other girls her age crave for. She’s a bookworm, just like her mother as well. Matthew and I brought her skating multiple times, but she didn’t really get the same sensation her momma felt as a figure skater. Instead, she’s a dancer – hip-hop and ballet – and she’s extremely gifted. Where she received her gracefulness on feet is something I question myself with everyday. She’s my angel, her father’s little girl, and her brothers’ best friend. I glance over to her window which is right above her bed. The moonlight casts a light upon her drooling face and I manage to hold back a giggle. I wonder how many hearts Kat will break when she enters the scary and dreaded place of high school. My littlest boy, Adam, sleeps the farthest away from his parents. He has the intelligence of Einstein and is constantly questioning everything. He isn’t big into the high-contact sport as his older brother, but is enjoying music quite much as well as tennis. Adam is eight, and loves his guitar. He plucks the strings night and day. His looks are that of mine and Matthew’s. As he sleeps, he snores a bit and fidgets, but the stuffed tiger his grandmother gave him is tucked safely away in his arms. Right now, Adam wants to be a rock star. I only hope he achieves the dream he decides on. His clothes are scatter around his floor and being as restless as I am, I can’t help but not pick them up. CD’s of oldies line shelf after shelf. I watch him move and he silently calls out for â€Å"Grandma.† Grandma Fern passed away few months ago and little Adam was her absolute favorite. When Adam found out about her death, he was devastated. He took up a vow of silence and wouldn’t come out of his room. Finally, Matthew and I were able to soothe him out to talk to us. He’s been back to his talkative self ever since. I close the door and hear the â€Å"click† of the door. I wander back up to my room, and dance to the balcony. I flop into the overstuffed red love seat Matthew and I placed outside. In the distance, I can see a glimmer of the soft lake that is only minutes away from my home. I cross my legs and sigh to myself. â€Å"Well hello there. Didn’t you ever learn to close the door?† a deep, rough voice says. I quickly whip my head around to see the man I call my husband. â€Å"Oh, dear I’m so sorry! I was caught up in how beautiful the night sky looked. I didn’t even think about the door.† I say hastily. â€Å"Well, I’m glad you forgot. You can’t keep this to yourself, you know.† Matthew says as he joins me. I’ve known him since I was a junior in high school and I’ve been infatuated with him ever since. His face is turned toward the night sky, and I can’t help but wonder how this fascinating creature is with me. Matthew has been playing hockey ever since the age of five, and has a knack at it. He played for the Fighting Sioux in college, and was moved up to the professional league when the Washington Capitals signed him to their roster. He was ecstatic about the offer. My children and I can’t go and stay with him i n Washington State, but we go to every game we can. He’s my children’s hero, and my own to love. I place a single hand on his cheek, an act I’ve always done towards him. â€Å"It’s almost morning wife. What are you going to make for breakfast?† he teasingly asks me. He knows whatever I cook, he has to help with. â€Å"Well, I was thinking some bacon, maybe an omelet. Unless you prefer something more five star.† I instantly challenge him. He picks me up and throws me over his shoulder as if I was as light as a feather. He lays me on the bed and suddenly we are in a game of chasing each other around the bedroom. He never ceases to amaze me. Of course, Matthew lets me win and we stroll downstairs to the kitchen, starting up the coffee, and planning out what to feed our children.

Managing Information system in Multi National Companies

Managing Information system in Multi National Companies Implementing Managing Information system in Multi National Companies (MNC) Multi National Companies: The multinational company that has its facility in other country other than native place means in different country head office in one country and branches in the other country, the head office will control the all sub branches due to the global management, with this global management the multinational companies have very large and increasing the jobs and economy of the small countries. All major multinational companies are from America, Japanese or western European like wall-mart (in U k its is known as ASDA) Coca-Cola, Honda and famous BMW, the multinational companies will say that they all are increasing the job in different countries and as well as wealth and technology also increasing in the small countries and those companies will helping to country to develop the country. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multinationalcorporation.asp Multinational companies and global business: Today the global products have demands from global customers and multinational companies are realize the cost advantages in traditional input factors like labour, raw materials. Finally the multinational companies are decided to investment in the knowledge and technology on the global basis. Computer business allow the multinational companies to provide service around the world wide, now a days the global market is on boom because Example:- the product which will lunched on America, the same product will receive the Europeans with the global market the product will lunched in the Europe also for this the company growth will increase and the job vacancies also increases so indirectly the MNC will helping to country to develop and the MNC sub branches in different countries like call centres to service the customer and helping them to using the product. As the world economy continues to globalize and integrate, the imperatives for management to act in a globalized manner become more crucial. Companies must therefore rethink and reengineer their entire business processes their organizational structures, staffing, and especially their information systems and technology infrastructures on an international level. Those which fail to do this will never be able to attain or maintain a competitive edge in global market. Information System Services Structures In Multinational Companies: If there are images in this attachment, they will not be displayed.Download the original attachment Research on IS shows that alignment between IS and organisation is kost important issue. The alignment issues of IS and multinational companies (MNCs), particularly in the area of IS services in multinational environment. The factors which control this issues are ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT SYSTEM OWNER SYSTEM GOAL DATA PEOPLE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE COMPUTER SYSTEM AND ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT over the past years re-alignment and removal of national boundaries around the world has been achieved by restructuring of national economic policies by opening many routes for international trading. This solved the problems faced in IS management by introducing this issues across a number of cultural barriers. A Multinational Company (MNC) can be defined as a company that has operations in more than one domestic area, that is at least one foreign subsidiary company should exist. Compared to domestic companies the major difference in managing MNCs relates to distance, time, and variability in multinational operations. The headquarters and their subsidiaries are located in different areas and even in different time zones over the globe which affect the coordination between headquarters and subsidiaries which is further complicated to balance the subsidiaries demands for delegation of authority due to regional difference in foreign markets against headquarters demands. Multi domestic MNCs view world as a composition of number of different domestic markets, they will decentralize all decision making authority to subsidiaries. In this subsidiary can be regarded as a fully autonomous unit (Each subsidiary acts as a single entity without the need of coordination with other groups). This is referred to as decentralized MNC. Global MNCs view world as a single market, they control all the subsidiaries as a single entity and they ignore differences contingent in markets. In this decision making authorities are centralized and this form of MNC is referred as centralized MNC.As decentralization requires strong central direction, to be successful in decentralized approach it requires as much direction as centralization. Here exist an intermediate form of MNC Transnational MNCs which emphasize the tension between force for integrationand national responsiveness. In this decision making authority should be divided among the locations. It should be partly centralised at headquarters to locate corporate issues (strategic) and partlybe decentralized into subsidiaries to take care of local issues. (Operational). Is And Organisation Alignment-Is Resources Distribution: IS and organisational alignment issues is restricted to the structural alignment between IS and organisational characteristics of MNCs and is particularly focused on IS resources distribution domain. The discussion of alignment is based on fitness approach. Organisational Context: Different business strategies affect the location of decision making. Hence different degree of IS centralization / decentralization is demended to meet the needs.It is also the case that the greater level of international involvement of MNC,the greater the degree of heterogenous environment that the MNC will face. Systems Owner A view of the world that is homogenous influence top management to adopt global strategies and to produce standards products. this resultant will effect on the structuring of IS services, centralized IS is more suitable for a company with a homogenous view of world. System Goal Different IS services organization are oriented towards goals and focuses on centralized IS and tend to facilitate effeciency in use of companys resources such as data, people, resources etc.,Centralization of IS supervise information access and achieve large measure of control over supply of informatio, there fore it favours effeciency and control. Data: If Greater the degree of the data shared, the more centralized IS services should be done to reduce duplication.All the unshared data should be decentralized into subsidiary locations to enhance the sence of data. Centralization generates an environment where it is more easier to ensure data standards. People: Centralized IS structure assist in creating an attractive environment for technical staff by providing techinical IS career path. Decentralization encourages the transfer of knowledge from IS staff to users and vice versa. Different level of technology development and education infrastructures of countries means that required IS skills may not be available in all countries.suitable qualified IS staff are available in headquarter office . centralized makes it easier to carry out techinical support and decentralized IS staff can be found in subsidiary countries. Finally the salaries of IS professionals are largely dependent on economic situations of the country from where he is hired. Organizational Structure: Global organizational structure have most information processing capacity in the headquarters, where decisions are made, to pass information in the organization. organization structure have processing capacity located in the subsidiaries, where decisions are made by supporting decentralization of IS services. Computer Systems A centralized IS can assist in maintaining high level of systems security by concentrating in all resources in one site which is easier to implement various procedures . A decentralized IS can assist in maintaining a high level system reliability in different sites. so that each system can act as a backup. Required hardware and software may not be available in all countries ,which is a problem intensified by various factors. IS services should be centralized to make it easier in getting required hardware and software.IS should be decentralized to facilitate technical support and development. Organization Environment: MNCs use monopolistic power to crush competitionand to gain favourable ratingsfor investment.Government therefore , sought to exercise control over multinational corporations operating under their jurisdiction. further setting up IS services in subsidiaries will involve a huge investment from MNCs. Information systems strategies for multinational companies in Arab Gulf countries: With the emergence of an expanding inter -dependent global economy, information systems (IS) strategies need to face the challenges of internationalization. The growth of multinational business has led many corporations to support significantly high level of IS operations and IS applications development in foreign environments. By developing a conceptual framework, this paper addresses multinational companies (MNCs) IS global policy formulation and several implications for IS management issues in Arab Gulf countries (AGC). The objective is to illustrate the uniqueness of the business and IS problems confronting MNCs in AGC. Insights have been gained from examining the implications of the pertinent economic, sociopolitical, legal, and cultural variables that affect MNC IS global policy formulation. The uniqueness of the business and IS problems confronting MNCs in the AGC are illustrated. Helping MNC IS executives/professionals to understand the differences between their own environme nt and the one in which they must operate can improve their IS functions in this region. AGC native companies with IS activities can also benefit from such an analysis in managing their multinational personnel. Information systems for multinational enterprisessome factors at work in their design and implementation: Information systems for multinational companies (MNCs), referred to as international information systems (IIS), have been a problem area for many years, yet have failed to attract more than token attention from the academic information systems research community. This study applies a grounded theory method to establish a first theoretical framework dealing with the structure of IIS and the dynamics of their development and implementation. The substantive theory is based on extensive, long-term work with three MNCs and covers four key areas: (a) the dealings between the actors concerned with an IIS take place in a force field; (b) the force field is reflected in a generic two-dimensional architecture an IIS, which always has a core of systems used by all (or many) of the regions and local systems, different at every regional site; (c) the balance of functionality between the core and the local parts of an IIS follows the degree to which the operations of the MNC require synchronous ac cess to data and processing within the IIS. (d) The interactions of IT and users in the force field follow a cyclical, self-reinforcing dialectic such that an enforced consensus process is required in order to boost acceptance and to limit the probability that continuing rejection leads to catastrophic failure. The Globalization of Information Technology in Multinational Corporations. The most significant business trends during the 1990s has been sharply increased in global business activity. There is no sign that this growth will abate. The explosive growth of the internet and the world wide webtechnologies which are inherently global in character which has been equal or greater significance. these trends create unprecedented challenges and opportunities for multinational companies.The managers of multinational companies provided information to respond effectively, they need to be fully conversant with important issues related to international aspects of document technologies and business record keeping. this brief introduction was written for information specialist i,e computer specialist, record managers, knowledge management specialists,and other international initiatives at multi national corporations. Globalizing the IT Infrastructure: To under stand clearly about international information management for multinational corporation,to know it first we should undestand agendas of information technology departments as they attempt to extend their global reach through out the economies of many countries. The goal of IT departments of multinational companies can be simply stated: To create globally integrated information infrastructures that electronically link their entire supply chains their sales, production, and delivery processes. Executives of multinational companies see many benefits to this global integration of information systems, including shorter cycle and delivery times, closer relationships with business partners, greater flexibility in sourcing products or services, better inventory controls, and of course, improved customer satisfaction, cost reductions, and increased profits. In short, a more competitive business. If there are images in this attachment, they will not be displayed.Download the original attachment MIS: MIS is generally defined as an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management and decision-making functions in an organisation.The system utilizes computer hardware and software;manual procedures, models for analysis, planning, control and decision-making and a distance. It is also popularly knows as the information system, the information and decision system, the computer-based information system. According to Institute of Management Accounts, U.K. MIS is a system in which defined data are collected, processed and communicated to assist those responsible for the use of resources. According to G.B. Davis, Management information system is an integrated man/machine system for providing information to support the operations, management and decision-making function in an organisation. The management information system has been described as a pyramid structure (four levels are there in pyramid). Each level of information processing may make use of data provided for lower levels; but new data may also be introduced. Nature of management information system: Report-Orientation: In the early years, the function of Management Information System was to process data from the organisation and present it in the form of reports at regular intervals.Information being the finished product was prepared after processing the raw data. So because of this fact the concept of management information system is further modified, as information rather then voluminous data has become the requirement of the user. Action- oriented: This concept was further modified due to the need that information should be suh that it leads to some action, decision or investigation or research. Exception-oriented: After having action-oriented nature of Management Information System it was realised that there must be some specific or selective approach to the action or the analysis of data. Database orientation: As we know our environment is dynamic in nature so the change in every system is must. So is the case with Management Information System as the business environment becomes competitive. To fulfill this need, a common data base is prepared which can be used by each and every individual accordingly. End-User orientation: After successfully implementing these changes, the concept of end user computing using multiple data bases emerged.This concept brought a basis changes in the nature of Management Information System that is decentralization of system and independency of user over computer professionals or experts. Academic Discipline Orientation: Management Information System is based on the information gathered for analyzing the data. While analyzing the data it relies in many academic disciplines like theories, principles, and concepts from management, organization behaviour, computer science, psychology and human behavior. Scope of MIS: 1) MIS is an integrated system for providing information to support: The operations; Management; Decision-making functions in an organisation. 2) MIS utilizes computer hardware/software, manual procedures, management and decision models, and data base. 3) MIS has a pyramidal structure: Bottom layer provides information for transaction processing. The next level provides information resource to support routine operations. The third level offers information resources to hale tactical planning and decision making for middle management planning control The top level presents information resources in support of strategic planning and policy making by top management groups. Characteristics of MIS: MIS is a comprehensive coordinated set of information sub-systems, which are rationally integrated and transform data into information, in a variety of ways to increase productivity in conformity with the management style of working. Thus, the following are the main characteristics of MIS: MIS is an Integrated System MIS is a sub-system concept MIS provides relevent information to management MIS is flexible MIS enhances productivity MIS is a coordinated system MIS is a feed back system MIS is management oriented MIS is management directed MIS is common database MIS is distributed data processing MIS is a computerised system MIS transforms the data into information Objectives of MIS: When any organisation wishes to establish the MIS, it must be very clear about the need of information required by the different levels of management. Following are the reasons for the adoption of the MIS: To store and manage data effeciently from all the functional areas of the business. To process the collected data and derive information out of them. To provide information quickly as and when required. To collect and store the data for the purpose of internal research. To provide the information regarding production and inventory. To provide information for planning, organizing and controlling purpose. To smooth up the flow of data through various levels of the organisation. To speed up the execution of the results with the reliable data available. Importance of MIS: In present business organisations, MIS plays a very important role. It is a process of collection and storage of the data useful for the organisation. Executives retrieve these data, when required and process for generating information.Previously, the business organisation were not perceived as a system. All the functional areas were independent and there was not a cross discussion amongst the managers of different functional areas.However, in present days,all departments hold equal responsibility. This mechanism helps the organization to achieve its objectives effectively and economically. Thus, the following points can summarize the importance of MIS: It helps in minimizing risk in decision-making. it processes the data and derives information out of them. it provides information about the various aspects of business. It helps the executives to avail the information regarding the functional areas quickly. The data base helps in conducting research. The data stored are used as secondary data. It helps in preparing corporate report. Limitations of MIS: The quality of the operation of management information system depends on the quality of input process. MIS is not a substitute for effective management. MIS may not have requisite flexibility to quickly update itself with the changing needs of times, especially in a fast changing and complex environment. MIS can not provide tailor-made information packages suitable for the purpose of every type of decision made by executives. MIS is less usefull in non-programmed decisions which are not of routine nature. MIS is not successful where secrecy is maintained in adisseminating information to their workers.